Cultural Violence And An Individual Civil Self Essay

War and conflict are undoubtedly constant and reoccurring features which have marred our international political landscape since the beginning of mans consideration of an individual civil self. From our earliest recorded instances of coherent civilisation, mankind has engaged in civil and later transnational interstate conflicts both as a means of resolving disputes as well as advancing the particular interests and material gains of that group of peoples. As a result of these trends, there has evolved a concept of violence within many areas of socio-political scholarship which has traditionally excluded micro level harm and instead focused on the macro issues relating to arm to arm conflict. However, as scholarship pertaining to Peace and Conflict studies has expanded, so too has our understanding of the notion of violence. As Johan Galtung articulates in his 1990 article ‘Cultural Violence’, the concept of ‘Cultural Violence’ encompasses â€Å"those aspe cts of culture, the symbolic sphere of our existence – exemplified by religion and ideology, language and art, empirical science and formal science (logic, mathematics) – that can be used to justify or legitimise direct or structural violence†. In addition to this change in focus within the theoretical framework of violence, over recent decades there has been a seismic shift in the rationale behind gender theory, with second wave feminists vehemently challenging normative gender ‘roles’ that served as a rouse for inherentShow MoreRelatedThe Northern Territory National Emergency Response Act 20071626 Words   |  7 Pages(Hunter, 2008). However, the key effect was to remove any possibility of complaints being made to the Human Rights Commission or Federal Court for any racially discriminatory act authorised by the Intervention legislation (Pounder, 2008). 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These similar problems include conformity, the role of government in society, and the importanceRead MoreThe Legal And Professional Issues Related Disorders, Domestic Violence And Child Abuse1290 Words   |  6 Pagesethical, legal and professional issues in family therapy and working with substance related disorders, domestic violence and child abuse. Multiculturalism is a term used â€Å"to refer to distinct cultural groups within a region or nation and their needs† (p. 55). In providing family therapy to culturally diverse families, it is essential for one to develop â€Å"openness to diversity and cultural competence† (p. 56). Additionally, the success of family therapy in working with the culturally diverse is dependentRead MoreMy Passion For The Field Of Psychology1091 Words   |  5 Pagesnow based on the knowledge I acquired as an undergraduate student, I understand that the gunshots that night triggered a negative emotional response from my family. 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Important activists stood firm in their prolific speeches, which influenced the nation to believe thatRead MoreTajfel And Turner Social Identity Theory1462 Words   |  6 Pagestheory helped in the understanding of intergroup relations. The emphasis the complex â€Å"interweaving of an individual or interpersonal behavior with contextual social processes of intergroup conflict† (p.276). Social identity theory, thus emphasizes intergroup relations (the relationship an individual has with his group and between an outgroup) and categorical distinction (what sets an individual apart from another outgroup). Korostelina describes this as â€Å"the processes of identification with otherRead MoreViolence through the Hands or Mind? Essay1037 Words   |  5 PagesViolence through the Hands or Mind? The USA has been experiencing multiple events of violence involving guns and the political fight to oppose further gun distribution, but is the gun really at fault? The government of the United States has further shown that the fault in gun violence in placed within the gun itself rather than the individual who used it, the general public as well as politicians must realize that the fault rests within the person who has committed the crime. Through recent

The Protestant Reformation And The Reformation - 971 Words

In 1527, King Henry VIII of England filed for divorce from his wife, Catherine. As insignificant as this event may seem, it actually marked the beginning of a religious and political reform from the corrupted Roman Catholic Church: the English Reformation. The English Reformation wasn’t the only movement that led to the separation from the Catholic Church, though. The Protestant Reformation, starting only ten years before the English Reformation did, first recognized the corruption of the Catholic Church. The English Reformation noticed the corruptions of the Catholic Church, but was more focused on creating new political and religious authority. Both of these reformations relate to one another greatly, but are still considered to be individual movements. Papal authority was stripped during these reformations, and all of Europe lived differently afterwards. While Catholicism still existed after the reformations and is still practiced today, many new religions exist toda y as an effect of the reformations. The political power that the Church held diminished and was replaced by the English state. Both the Protestant Reformation and English Reformation impacted the political power and religion of the Catholic Church and all of Europe. Without these movements, Christian religion would not be what it is today. The corruption in the Catholic Church started long before the Protestant Reformation and English Reformation; the first real sign of corruption began in 1377,Show MoreRelatedThe Protestant Reformation And The Reformation Essay1379 Words   |  6 PagesThe Protestant Reformation Why the Protestant Reformation is considered a significant development in the Christian Church. The Protestant Reformation was an event which occurred within the Catholic Church during the 16th century. This Reformation was prompted by Martin Luther’s ‘95 theses’ which were a list of 95 criticisms towards the church. The Reformation formed another branch of Christianity called Protestantism which is comprised of many different Christian denominations including AnglicanRead MoreThe Protestant Reformation And The Reformation916 Words   |  4 PagesThe Protestant Reformation took place in the 16th century and was a major European movement whose goal was to reform the beliefs and practices of the Roman Catholic Church. This movement led to people worshipping God as they wanted and no longer relying on the Catholic Church for guidance with religious matters. Even though people were doing what they believed, the Protestant Reformation brought many conflicts. Religious disagreements caused bloody conflicts all over Europe. The principal figureRead MoreThe Protest ant Reformation And The Reformation871 Words   |  4 PagesThe Protestant Reformation was a pivotal time of European history that occurred during the 16th century. The Protestant Reformation was comprised of people called â€Å"reformers† that challenged papal authority and questioned the Catholic Church’s ability to define Christian practice (â€Å"The Reformation†). The Protestant Reformation was revolutionary due to the fact that the reformers preached against everything the Catholic Church had been teaching. Some famous reformers are John Calvin and Martin LutherRead MoreThe Reformation Of The Protestant Reformation798 Words   |  4 Pagesyour way to heaven sounds nice does it not? During the time period of the Protestant Reformation you were able to do just that. When most people think of the Protestant Reformation it is often associated with a time of crisis for the Catholic Church. This specific time period challenges and characterizes the new directi on that would be taken in Western Europe. A specific moment in the beginning of the Protestant Reformation would soon lead to the development of early modern Europe, that moment wasRead MoreThe Protestant Reformation And The Reformation1746 Words   |  7 PagesProtestant Reformation The Protestant Reformation refers to a movement that occurred 1517 when Martin Luther, a priest who taught at the University of Wittenberg, rebelled against the Roman Catholic Church. Luther’s action eventually created a movement called the Protestant Reformation, where he exposed the corrupt priests and criticized the indulgences sold by the Church. He urged people to instead read the Bible, rather than following the orders of the Pope. After Luther was condemned by the CatholicRead MoreProtestant Reformation And The Reformation1727 Words   |  7 PagesHI 101 Essay 3 Zhenli Xu Protestant Reformation Protestant Reformation is admittedly one of the most important schisms in the history of Christianity. It started with Martin Luther nailing the Ninety-Five Theses on the door of the Catholic Church in Germany in 1517, and ended with the Peace of Westphalia in 1648. The Reformation was a religious movement triggered by the rise of humanism during the Renaissance and the general corruption of the Roman Catholic Church that eventually led to theRead MoreThe Reformation And The Protestant Reformation876 Words   |  4 Pages The 16th century reformation is also known as the Protestant reformation. There are a various number of causes for the Protestant reformation. The causes of the reformation will be analyzed from two different perspectives: Germany s causes and Europe s causes. The results of reformation will be examined. Major contributors such as Martin Luther and John Calvin s perspectives and contributions will also be analyzed and the impact they had during their time period.  People in Europe during theRead MoreThe Protestant Reformation And The Reformation1619 Words   |  7 Pagesany better when multiple wars are started because of a disagreement in how to worship. The Protestant Reformation was a widespread epidemic that started with Martin Luther noticing severe problems in the way the Roman Catholic Church was running, and that there were simple and more holy methods and worshipping God, leading to the creation of Lutheranism. There was an uproar in Germany over this new reformation, and it caught the attention of John Calvin who then strove to create Calvinism with theRead MoreThe Protestant Reformation And The Reformation Essay1978 Words   |  8 PagesFrom the time Christianity began to the time of the Protestant Reformation, for about a millennium and a half, there was only one sect of Christianity: Catholicism. After the Protestant Reformation, however, different Christian denominations sprang up in many parts of Europe. The Protestant Reforma tion’s beginning is most commonly associated with Martin Luther’s beliefs and his protest of the wrongdoings of the Catholic Church. Before the Reformation, the Catholic Church was more interested in raisingRead MoreThe Protestant Reformation And The Reformation Essay1879 Words   |  8 PagesThe Protestant Reformation was the time in the 16th century when the Roman Catholic Church, which had dominated Europe for over a thousand years, split into new factions of Christianity. There were a number of political, social and religious causes for the reformation. It was because of the ideals of significant figures such as Martin Luther that these protests were successful and led to major changes. Before the Protestant Reformation, almost all Christians in Europe were roman catholic. The roman

Technical Paper on E-Commerce free essay sample

TECHNICAL PAPER ON ELECTRONIC COMMERCE ABSTRACT There is no official definition as to what electronic commerce is. Different experts have different definitions. Communication people say that it is the transmission of information, of products/services of payments through telephone lines, network or any other medium. From a businessman standpoint, e-commerce is the use of technology to automate business transactions and work flows. Someone from the service industry might say that e-commerce is a transaction and work flows. Someone from the service industry might say that e-commerce is a helpful innovation that allows business to cut costs, enabling it to provide better quality products with a quicker delivery time. For our purpose and probably the general and literal definition for e-commerce is that it is the actually the buying and selling of goods or services electronically online. Products are displayed on an online store and potential customers can read information about the product, see them on the website and have the option to purchase them online. We will write a custom essay sample on Technical Paper on E-Commerce or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page There are sites selling everything from pets to automobiles. Virtually any product or service can be sold online. All the principles involved in good business practices apply here. Electronic commerce presents a fantastic opportunity for businesses to increase their sales. Online storefronts operate by using a shopping cart. A shopping cart allows visitors select multiple products and collects payment information. Choosing a shopping cart is a critical step in the design of your site. Shopping carts should be matched to the needs of your website. The internet is a new and existing realm that offers businesses the ability to reach millions of customers at very low costs. It also offers businesses the ability to conduct sales through their website 24 hours a day, 365 days a year. Establishing an E-commerce website requires an experienced e-commerce designer. There is a multitude of issues, which must be addressed that require very specific knowledge in programming, security and in the unique nature of internet transactions. Failure to address many issues surrounding the creation of an e-commerce site can result in lost business, damaged credibility of financial losses. When you fill out a form on a website that information travels from your computer to the website’s server computer. A special program which resides then processes that information on the server computer. Generally this information this information is emailed to the owner of the website. Secure ordering occurs when a website or an order form is accessed through a secure server. A secure server is a server computer which has special encryption software installed. Any information you submit is encrypted or coded when transmitted. It is more complicated than that, but further explanation would require extra jargon. At this point the customer has placed their order; however the transaction is still not complete until the merchant receives the information. Many sites ordering systems are secure to this point. However, security problems can arise after the information arrives on the server computer. Many websites claim to have secure ordering while in fact they do not. The information is only secured during the initial transmission from the visitor’s computer to the server computer. After the information arrives at the server computer, man websites simply email the information to whoever processes the orders. Email is not a secure method of transmitting information. With the proper knowledge anyone can access the information as it is transmitted. There are several ways to handle securing the information after it arrives on the server. One of the options is to keep the information on the server. Generally writing the information to an inaccessible or secured section of the server computer does this. The merchant can then retrieve the information. A security risk does arise with this method if the operators of the hosting service act unscrupulously and access the server using their administrative access. INTRODUCTION E-commerce is an exceptionally cost effective way of generating extra revenue. E-commerce removes all geographical boundaries and time differences. With increased demand for retail services, on-line ordering will enable your organization to sell its products and resources over the internet customers can order directly from a secure server, with Visa payments now being accepted in both Newzealand and American currencies. Implementation of a successful e-commerce site first involves establishing some strategies. E-commerce: Enables automated and 24 hour ordering that reduces the cost and the chances of errors. Improves customer service Allows customers to track orders themselves Provides up-to- date price list and product catalogues Greatly reduces the time between ordering and dispatch Reduces supply chain costs. Some of the terminologies used:- Shopping Carts- programs that arrow visitors to select products as they move through a website. When they are finished shopping it gives them a total purchase amount. An ordering process also is also generally present Membership Sites- sites which offer members specific information for the cost of membership Secure Transactions- using â€Å"Encryption or coding† to encode sensitive information to prevent unauthorized viewing Real Time Credit Card Processing- Where the customer finds out immediately if their credit cards was accepted or denied. Standard or ‘Batch’ Credit Card Processing- Where the merchant transmits the customers ordering information and card number to their credit card processor. What e-commerce represents is a way to reach out to customers. E-commerce will allow you to undertake cost-effective business with large number of customers, and with lower value orders. E-commerce can be divided into: E-tailing or â€Å"virtual storefronts† on websites with online catalogs, sometimes gathered into a â€Å"virtual mail†. The gathering and use of demographic data through web contacts Electronic Data Interchange(EDI) , the business –to-business exchange of data E-mail and fax and their use as media for reaching prospects and established customers( for example with newsletters) Business-to- business buying and selling The security of business transactions CONCEPTS OF E-COMMERCE E-tailing or The Virtual storefront and the Virtual mail As a place for direct retailing shopping, with its 24-hour availability, a global reach, the ability to interact and provide custom information and ordering and multimedia prospects, the web is rapidly becoming a multibillion-dollar source of revenue for the world’s businesses. A number of businesses already report considerable success. As early as the middle of 1997, Dell Computers reported orders of a million dollars a day. But early 1999, projected e-commerce revenues for business were in the billions of ollars and the stocks of companies deemed most adept at e-commerce were skyrocketing. Apart from computer and network products, books(Amazon. com), gardening products(garden. com), music on compact disks(CDNow), and office supplies (Supplies Online) were a few of the better-known e-commerce sites. By early 1999, even businesses that have always counted on fa ce-to-face customer interaction were planning e-commerce websites and many businesses were planning how to coordinate in-store and web store retail approaches. Meanwhile, new businesses based entirely on web sales were being invented daily. Market Research In early 1999, it was widely recognized that because of the interactive nature of the internet, companies could gather data about prospects and customers in unprecedented amounts-through site registration, questionnaires and as part of taking orders. The issue of whether data was being collected with the knowledge and permission of market subjects had been raised. (Microsoft referred to its policy of data collection as profiling and a proposed standard has been developed that allows internet users to decide who can have what personal information) Electronic Data Interchange (EDI) EDI is the exchange of business data using an understood data format. It predates today’s Internet. EDI involves data exchange among parties that know each other will and make arrangements for one-to-one (or point-to-point) connection, usually dial-up. E-Mail, Fax, and Internet Telephony E-commerce is also conducted through the more limited electronic forms of communication called e-mail, facsimile or fax and the emerging use of telephone calls over the internet. Most of this is business-to-business, with some companies attempting to use e-mail and fax for unsolicited ads (usually viewed as online junk mail or spam) to consumers and other business prospects. An increasing number of business websites offer e-mail newsletters for subscribers. A new trend is opt-in email which web users voluntarily sign up to receive email, usually sponsored or containing ads, about product categories or other subjects they are interested in. Business –to-business buying and selling Thousands of companies that sell products to other companies have discovered that the web providers not only a 24- hour-a-day showcase for their products but a quick way to reach the right people in a company for more information. The Security of Business Transactions Security includes authenticating business transactions, controlling access to resources such as Web pages for registered or selected users, encrypting communications and in general ensuring the privacy and effectiveness of transactions. Among the most widely used security technologies are SSL and RSA. Secure Electronic Transactions (SET) is an emerging industry standard. *E –* Business â€Å"E –business† ( â€Å" electronic business ,† derived from such terms as â€Å"e-mail† and â€Å"e-commerce†) is the conduct of business on the internet, not only buying and selling but also servicing customers and collaborating with business partners. One of the firsts to use the term was IBM, when in October 1997, it launched a thematic campaign built around the term. Today, major corporations are rethinking their businesses in terms of the Internet and its new culture and capabilities. Companies are using the Web to buy parts and supplies from other companies, to collaborate on sales promotion and to do joint research. Exploiting the convenience availability and worldwide reach of the internet, many companies, such as Amazon. com, the booksellers, have already discovered how to use the internet successfully. Increasingly, much direct selling (or e-tailing) is taking place on the Internet of computer related equipment and software. One of the firsts to report sales in the millions of dollars directly from the web was Dell computer. Travel bookings directly or indirectly as a result of web research are becoming significance. Customer-orderable golf clubs and similar specialties are considered good prospects for the immediate future. With the security built into today’s browsers and with the digital certificates now available for individuals and companies from VeriSign, a certificate issuer, much of the early concern about the security of business transaction on the web has abated and e-business by whatever name is accelerating. IBM also considers the development of intranets and extranets to be part of business. Trade and commerce between individuals is as old as the existence of mankind. There have been innumerable channels that have facilitated this exchange. The latest to join this is e-commerce. The debatable topic now is what extent this new venture will make roads into business operations. In 1997-98 experts predicted the e-commerce trade to be worth $ 200-250 billions and expected figures today are $ 3 trillion of its volume. E-commerce method of doing business differs from traditional commerce because it combines information and technology, telecommunications technology and business process to make it practical to do business in ways that could not be done otherwise. Types of e-commerce E-commerce is divided into three major segments i. e. Inter – organizational Intra – organizational Retail inter-organizational, between different business entities It reduces suppliers and facilitates business partnerships by reducing purchase orders, processing costs and inventory cycle timings. It could be operated on Internet or extranet which just lets us select a few participants. Supply chain management or payment management is examples of inter-organizational application. Intra organizational e-commerce occurs within a business entity. The objective is to link the constituents together and increase the flow of information within the organization. Examples of it include human resource or department websites that disseminate information and services through an intranet. Retail e-commerce, as the name suggests, is directed at the consumer. It can be used for any business for consumer interaction. Technological dimensions of e-commerce While many technologies can fit within the definitions of e-commerce, the most important are electronic data interchange(EDI), bar codes, electronic mails, internet, World Wide Web, product data exchange and electronic forms. Electronic Data Interchange is the computer to computer transfer of structured information in a standard electronic format. Information stored in one computer is translated by software programs into standard EDI format for transmission to one or more trading partners. The trading partner’s computer, in turn, translates the information using software to a form, which they can understand. Bar codes are used for automatic product identification by a computer. They are rectangular type of lines of varying widths and spaces. The most common example of bar codes is consumer products like packaged food, books etc. These codes allow the product to be scanned at the checkout corners. As the product is identified, the price of the product is entered in cash register, while internal systems are automatically updated. Electronic Mails are message composed by individuals and sent to other recipients via Internet. Internet is decentralized network of millions of computers and computer networks. World Wide Web is a collection of documents written and encoded with hypertext marker language. With the aid of a relatively small piece of software, the user can ask for these documents and display them on the users local computer. Product Data Interchange is exchange of data usually in the graphic form that is needed to describe a project. Electronic Forms is a technology that combines the familiarity of paper forms with the power of storing information in digital form. To the user and the electronic form is simply a digital analogue of such a paper form, but appears on a computer screen and is filled out via mouse and keyboard. FUNCTIONS OF E-COMMERCE There are four functions of e-commerce:- Communication Process management Service management Transactional capabilities The communication function is aimed at the delivery of information and /or document to facilitate business transactions. Email is an excellent example of this. The process management function covers the automation and improvement of business process. The best example of this would be networking two computers together so that they can be shared and transfer of data is possible instead of one person taking data from one computer to another. Service management function is the application of technology to improve the quality of services. A good example of this is the Federal Express Website. It permits customers to track shipments and schedule pick-ups 24 hours a day without having to talk to a service representative. Customer services are greatly enhanced due to this site. The last function, transaction capabilities provide the ability to buy and sell on the internet. Amazon. com and REI offer good example. PRE-REQUISITES OF E-COMMERCE There are a very few pre-requisites to conduct e-commerce business. These are: Either your own or provided by a cart A shopping cart programmed to list your products or services and means to collect purchase information. A method to get funds into your bank account. If you want to automate the process, a compatible credit card merchant account and transaction processor (e. g. Authorise. net) to collect the credit card information and obtain authorization and post the funds into your account are required. SIGNIFICANCE OF E-COMMERCE Participants in the electronic market place are not only limited to digital product companies such as publishing, software and information industries. The digital age and digital revolution affect all of us by virtue of their process innovations. The web TV and digital television is going to affect the TV news and entertainment programs. Changes in telecommunications will affect the way we receive information, product announcements or orders etc. as phones, Fax USERS OF E-COMMERCE Anyone with something to sell can use e-commerce. If you access a website where you can store information about the items or products your company offers, you can use e-commerce. There are three kinds of business concerns, which are mainly using e-commerce. The first are new enterprises, which have no existing infrastructure. The other is the technology company which would have an interest in electronic routes to promote their services. The third category is of media companies, which would benefit from fast distribution of information together with low set up costs. Credit cards, cheques or any other mode of payment arrangement can be set up to be used via the internet. You do not have a transaction processor to process the transaction in real time, although real time credit card processing offers the most immediate methods to have funds deposited into your account. These are the e-commerce solution that allow information collection and retrieval from a secure server and then let you enter that information manually at your local terminal. EMPLOYMENT POTENTIAL OF E-COMMERCE According to computer system of a value added network (VAN) of the US government, there are many full and part time positions available in e-commerce with flexible hours. The current requirements but are not limited to: Systems programming(Unix,Win95,Win NT) EDI programmers Communication Engineers (Routers,ISDN,SLIP, PPP,RAS) Communication programmers (C,C++, VB) Technical writers Technical Support Sales and Marketing focus Field Engineering Support. PROS AND CONS OF E-COMMERCE ADVANTAGES Although in its infancy, e commerce is the most popular way for a business to expand their customer base and increase productivity. In recent years the online shopping industry has leaped forward and every business can be found without a website. With an Earth Link Total Commerce Package, you can sell product throughout the world by your web-based store. Here are some of the pros and cons of e-commerce:- The biggest advantage of e-commerce is that distance doesn’t matter in carrying out the trades. You can reach out to the world anytime you want. This helps the companies to have a cheap and effective way of communications with suppliers on one side with customers on the other. Contact with suppliers is possible through internet or via an EDI system. Secondly, unlike a brick and mortar store an online store is open 24 hours a day,7 days a week and 365 days a year. Thirdly, compared with a retail outlet or a new office the cost of setting up of an e-commerce office is very low. Fourthly, there is flexibility in a website to add and remove a product or product than in catalogue. Another advantage of being online is that it potentially gives exposure to previously untapped market segments. Another benefit is error reduction because orders don’t have to be re-keyed into order entry systems increased efficiencies through the automation of business process. Other benefits include wider choice and no wastage of time. People who want to buy products usually have to go out and search a shop. Now the only thing they have to do is turn their computer and select one of the thousands of online stores. Customers can find product from all over the world, so the amount of offers is far greater. DISADVANTAGES OF E-COMMERCE Among the disadvantages of selling online include inability to touch and feel the merchandise. As one analyst puts it, â€Å"kick the tyres†. This is a psychological barrier but as consumers become more familiar with shopping online this barrier will go. Further, a big rush with the growing importance of e-commerce and computer communication technology is that people don’t have social contacts any more. Further, because online stores do not exist for very long, many companies do not know how to set up a store. This results in a large group of annoyed customers, who want to but something but it is not clear how they should and there is no one who they should ask, like in a normal shop. In addition, computer systems will never be 100% safe. There shall be hackers who intercept money transactions and cause problems for consumers and companies. Above all in a developing nation Internet user usually is a young highly educated man. If you start a business then perhaps you might not reach women and elderly. At this time, e-commerce is not good if you want to sell product to a target other than highly educated man. This won’t be a problem in future as more and more people will use computer and the internet. PROSPECTS OF E-COMMERCE Though difficult to predict precisely but it is more likely that it stays here. On the up side all of us believe that e-commerce will increase exponentially in the coming years. An estimated 148 million shoppers were expected to spend an estimated $ 15 million in the cyber market space. According to IDC market estimates cyber sales are set to increase by 20% by the year 2000. The US department report in April 1998 titled â€Å"The Emergent Digital Economy† predicted that e-commerce will account $300 million annually by 2002. Area expected to grow includes financial services, entertainment, travel and groceries. The jackpot returns from e-commerce depend a lot on how the business processes are being leveraged by electronic transformation. On the downside experts say that longer a company waits the more difficult it will be to establish their presence. On the whole in the next few years, experts say that the world and the world of marketing in particular will be entirely transformed by the yet to be realized potential of e-commerce. Lessons derived from the evolution of e-commerce The following is a checklist of a few lessons learnt from the coming of e-commerce: No one that properly embraced ATMs, ant time money credit or debit cards even went back. Customers want expanded hours-24 hours per day are the limit. If it is convenient, people will gravitate to it after experimenting with it. Customers want expanded locations – the closer to home the better – the home is the limit. Customers change the way businessmen does business, technology is merely the facilitator. There is an inevitable trend in its emergence and e-commerce is here to stay. CONCLUSION E-commerce is growing explosively on the internet. Before the end of this decade, millions of companies and individuals will be buying, selling, bidding, brokering, advertising and collaborating on a daily basis, as the Internet merges with other branches of information highway. The resulting economies of scale will drastically lower cost of implementing and maintaining a procurement infrastructure. All said and done those who clearly see the opportunity, understand the medium creatively and completely put it to work for them, will definitely succeed in the digital economy of tomorrow. The e-commerce market may be infant in terms of years of existence, but the time has come for it to mature and develop a rational commerce strategy. Additionally using these methods will allow you to track your orders to the end user to investigate a fraudulent transaction. Real –time processing and delivery- Try to avoid real time processing and product delivery if at all possible. When your product is delivered immediately you lose the ability to check the order for possible fraud. That means a higher likelihood of stolen cards. Matching Addresses- If you receive an order that has different addresses for shipping and billing you should red flag this order. Many times there is nothing wrong with this type of order, but this is also a common way for someone using a stolen card to obtain merchandise. Call the Issuing Bank- This is an excellent way to determine if a card is stolen. When you provide the number to the bank they tell you immediately if the card is valid, stolen, or whatever. Since you don’t have the card in your possession you can call the credit card company- Visa, MasterCard etc. and get the name of the issuing bank. Don’t accept orders from free email addresses- Addresses such as usa. net, yahoo. com, or other free email addresses are perfect ways for an individual to hide their identity. Anyone can sign up for the services and they can give false information when signing up. The majority of fraudulent transactions come from free email address services. Make sure you tell your clients that any information submitted would not be used for any other purposes, nor will it be distributed. Envy- reports – These reports are taken by your form submission program and generally display IP addresses, and other visitor information. This information is very important in tracking orders, which have proven to be fraudulent. Using the IP address you can track the individual to their ISP and from there you can get the persons real address. Generally ISPs will release this information only if you can provide solid evidence that the individual committed fraud. You may also be required to get a court order. Telephone numbers – The best advice one can give is to get phone numbers from all customers and contact each customer regarding their order. One may also recommend telling customers on the order form, that you will be contacting them regarding their order prior to order fulfillment. This will stop many thieves from even placing the order. BIBLIOGRAPHY Employment News- January 2000 Website : http://www. dell. com Website :http://ecommerce. internet. com/ Website : http://www. consumer. net Website: http://www. ecrc. ctc. com/ Why This Fuse About E-Commerce- By Sanjay Kumar Misra E-Commerce (An Overview Of E-Commerce For Students And General Readers) By Bhushan Dewan E-commerce – By Dr. Milind M. Oka

Automat by Edward Hopper Essay Example For Students

Automat by Edward Hopper Essay The woman in the painting Automat by Edward Hopper is twenty-five years old. Her beauty is young and fresh, but her expression on her face is thoughtful for such a young person. Why is such a beautiful woman, dressed up as if going out, sitting and drinking tea by herself doing? The woman was actually planning to go out. She got dressed in her fancy clothes, but then she sat down for a minute at the table, and her thoughts turned her attention away from going out. She was sitting there deep in thought, thinking about her life, the things in her life, and the way she was living her life. Then, while all those thoughts running through her head, she decided to make herself a cup of tea. So after she made that tea, she sat back down again and returned to her thoughts. And while sitting there, all beautiful, dressed up and drinking tea, she became the painting Automat by Edward Hopper. But in order to know what she was thinking, we need to know her past. And her past is not a pleasant memory to refer to. From the day she was born, Anita was said to be the beauty of the ages. She was very young, and didnt understand all the attention and all the admiration she got. She supposed it was like that for every woman. But one day, when she was in her early teens, and was at a party, a handsome man entered her life from that day of the party. She was very smitten with him, and he was like her god. She was young and na? ? †¡ve, and that brought her falling unreasonably in love with him. It was a very short time when he spun her around in his world, and when he was done, he left her. As you can imagine, it shattered her heart into millions of pieces. She became very heartbroken, that it showed in her appearance. She became very thin, with dark circles under her eyes, and a lack of interest to life to anything. Her friends and her loved ones became very concerned for her, so they tried to cheer her up in every possible way. But her broken heart needed mending at its own accord, and they soon realized that and left her alone. Time went by and she started restoring her beauty, and her broken heart started mending. She started getting on with her life, and started joining back into the society. So one day, she decided she would be going out, but instead the thoughts of her past took over. Her heart is mended and her life is back to its normal, but Anita, sitting there by herself could not help were her thoughts took over her. So Anita appeared in the painting Automat, her expression thoughtful and her beauty still strong as ever, sitting there alone and drinking tea.

Pride and Prejudice Passage Analysis free essay sample

At the conclusion of Pride and Prejudice, Jane Austen resolves the novel while using particular writing style and technique to reinforce the characters of Elizabeth, Georgiana, and Lady Catherine de Bourgh. Elizabeth’s strong-willed character is emphasized when Austen subtly contrasts her against Georgiana’s shy one; she uses Georgiana as a foil character for Elizabeth, and vice versa. Elizabeth’s strong opinions, quick wit, and â€Å"lively, sportive, manner† of conversing with Darcy astonish Georgiana. Austen’s use of the phrase â€Å"lively, sportive, manner† gives the sentence a more vigorous and energetic feel, which reflects the nature of the conversation. Apart from her wit, Elizabeth’s sensibility is also shown with she persuades Darcy to seek reconciliation with his aunt. While several members of her family might have been happy to begrudge Lady de Bourgh, Austen reinforces Elizabeth’s intelligence and sensibility by emphasizing that she has risen above some of the poor behaviour that she has grown up with. We will write a custom essay sample on Pride and Prejudice Passage Analysis or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page In terms of Georgiana, Austen maintains her character as an innocent and shy girl. She brings up the fact that Georgiana is more than ten years younger than Darcy, and contrasts her somewhat introverted personality with Elizabeth’s strong-willed and confident one. Lastly, her youth and naivete is emphasized when Austen chooses to say she was influenced by Elizabeth’s â€Å"instruction†. In terms of Lady Catherine de Bourgh, Austen emphasizes her class-snobbery and haughtiness with her satirical (and quite comedic) choice of words, saying that Elizabeth and her relatives had â€Å"polluted† Pemberley. Her bossiness and need to be in control of everything causes her to write an angry letter to Darcy, since he and Elizabeth ignored her objections. The entire ending can be contrasted to the start of the book, which outlined the unhappy marriage of the Bennets. It seems that Elizabeth, who marries Darcy out of love, will enjoy a much happier marriage than Lydia, who married for passion, as well as Charlotte, who married for financial stability. Pride and Prejudice Passage Analysis free essay sample Jane Austen resolves the novel while using particular writing style and technique to reinforce the characters of Elizabeth, Georgiana, and Lady Catherine de Bourgh. Elizabeth’s strong-willed character is emphasized when Austen subtly contrasts her against Georgiana’s shy one; she uses Georgiana as a foil character for Elizabeth, and vice versa. Elizabeth’s strong opinions, quick wit, and â€Å"lively, sportive, manner† of conversing with Darcy astonish Georgiana. Austen’s use of the phrase â€Å"lively, sportive, manner† gives the sentence a more vigorous and energetic feel, which reflects the nature of the conversation. Apart from her wit, Elizabeth’s sensibility is also shown with she persuades Darcy to seek reconciliation with his aunt. While several members of her family might have been happy to begrudge Lady de Bourgh, Austen reinforces Elizabeth’s intelligence and sensibility by emphasizing that she has risen above some of the poor behaviour that she has grown up with. We will write a custom essay sample on Pride and Prejudice Passage Analysis or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page In terms of Georgiana, Austen maintains her character as an innocent and shy girl. She brings up the fact that Georgiana is more than ten years younger than Darcy, and contrasts her somewhat introverted personality with Elizabeth’s strong-willed and confident one. Lastly, her youth and naivete is emphasized when Austen chooses to say she was influenced by Elizabeth’s â€Å"instruction†. In terms of Lady Catherine de Bourgh, Austen emphasizes her class-snobbery and haughtiness with her satirical (and quite comedic) choice of words, saying that Elizabeth and her relatives had â€Å"polluted† Pemberley. Her bossiness and need to be in control of everything causes her to write an angry letter to Darcy, since he and Elizabeth ignored her objections. The entire ending can be contrasted to the start of the book, which outlined the unhappy marriage of the Bennets. It seems that Elizabeth, who marries Darcy out of love, will enjoy a much happier marriage than Lydia, who married for passion, as well as Charlotte, who married for financial stability.

Atomic Structure essays

Atomic Structure essays The nucleus has more than 100 protons and more than 150 neutons, the nucleus is a very small part of an atom. Both the atom and the necleus can be thought of as spheres. Then both volumes of the atom can be compared with the volume of the nucleus alone, because the volume of a sphere is proportional to the cube of its radius. The space outside the nucleus is occupied only by electrons. The observation has led to the empty space concept of matter. Ernest Rutherford , a British physicist, performed an experiment that strongly suggested that the positive charge of an atom located in a very small nucleus. Rutherforth's experiment made use of polonium, a radioactive element that gives of positvely charged particles. These particles are called alpha particles. A steam of these particles was allowed to strike a thin sheet gold or copper. Behind the metal foil was a fluorescent screen. This diagram showes what Ernest Ruthefold and his colleges observed. Most of the alpha particles passed through the metal foil with very little interference. Each time one of the alpha particles hit the flourescent screen, a flash of light was given off.Few particles did not pass though the foil. Rutherford found that a very few alpha particles was deflected by more than 90Â °. Because of these experiments , he made a nuclear model of the atom, which described the atom with its nucleus, and an atoms lack of energy charge. An atom is electrically neutal because it has negatively charged particles,or electrons,that balance the positive charge of the nucleus. The electrons are present in the empty space surrounding the nucleus. The atomis number is the number of positive charges in the nucleus of an atom. Each proton carries one positve charge. The atomic number represents the number of protons in the nucleus of an atom. The atomic number never changes. The mass of an element is given units called atomic mass uni ...

Family Culture Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Family Culture - Essay Example He migrated to the US at 24 years of age with my grandmother who was 21 years old in the year 1954. Hispanic immigrants in the US have been working aged and disproportionately young (Bodvarsson and Berg, 2009, p. 319). My father was born one year later in the US. At that time, women did not work outside home; rather they took care of the domestic matters that included washing, cleaning, and babysitting the children. My grandfather taught at a public school and earned the money for the family. Being the financial provider of the family in an era when the society was primarily dominated by men, my grandfather was both the established head and the actual head of the family. My grandfather paid the bills. Since my grandmother was educated and my grandfather often did not have time to attend parent-teacher meetings, my grandmother would go whenever a teacher requested a meeting. Although the sole breadwinner of the family was my grandfather, yet he always consulted my grandmother in impor tant matters. So the disciplinary rules were primarily imposed by my grandfather, though my grandmother played an active role in maintaining them and making sure they were followed. One thing that my grandfather regrets is that he did not allow my grandmother to work. Those were difficult times since a new family was trying to fit in a new culture, and yet my grandfather did not allow my grandmother to contribute to the family financially while she was capable of doing that. However, my grandmother utilized the time she had at home reading books and journals and increasing her knowledge to the extent that she could administer quite a lot of home remedies successfully. She learnt the names of botanical herbs to cure different sorts of illnesses and diseases. To maintain good health, my grandparents placed a lot of emphasis on physical workout, particularly walk. In the 1950s, cars and vehicles were not as common as they are today. Most of the people walked their way to their homes an d offices. My grandparents used to walk as much in a day that I probably walk in three days. Other than that, the family of my grandparents consumed organic diet and primarily vegetables. My grandmother is a strict vegetarian to date and is in very good health. Things changed in my family culture 25 years later when my father completed his graduation. While my grandfather had got married at the age of 24, my father did not marry until the age of 32 years. My mother was also 30 years of age at the time of marriage. Both of my parents work and support the family financially. While the established head of our family is my father, the actual head is my mother. When a teacher requests a meeting, sometimes both go and sometimes either of the two goes, depending upon who is available. In our family, accountability is collective and the responsibilities are shared (cdc.gov, n.d., p. 2). Both my mother and my father are breadwinners for the family, but the disciplinarian is my mother. A majo r faux pas committed in the household is the fact that my mother couldn’t find enough time for her children in their infancy. We have a family doctor to administer the home remedy. To maintain good health, my family believes that one should regularly exercise and avoid junk food. A detailed analysis

Ecosystem Components Paper Research Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Ecosystem Components - Research Paper Example A discussion on how the knowledge of the structure and how these can help to develop plans for its restoration. The implication of the interaction of the species will also be briefly discussed. Within a community that exists in a park, many populations are not likely to be found as being evenly distributed. There exists a patterns and process of spatial distribution of species. The most important patterns are the open community structure which is distributed more or less randomly. There is also the closed community pattern with sharp boundaries. Each species within the ecosystem in a park play a very important role and interacts with other species in the environment. In the interactions the species provide food and, therefore, a basis on which other species survive. There are basically two main types of communities: terrestrial and the aquatic biomes. Terrestrial biomes include the tundra, desert, grassland, temperate forest, taiga, tropical forest (Agee, 2000). The ecosystem changes over time giving the stronger species the opportunity to survive over time and live to withstand the test of time. The weaker ones go to extinction over time. Human interactions with the park may be positive or negative. Human’s efforts to preserve the parks have positive effects on the lives of the species in the ecosystem. However, sometimes the humans destroy the environment by cutting down trees and sometimes killing the animals for food. Besides, other economic activities of humans such as the production industries pollute the environment by emitting substances such as carbon, nitrogen or phosphorus thus interfering in their cycles. The knowledge of humans on the structure and functions of the ecosystem has played a very fundamental role in ensuring that the parks are well preserved. As such this has helped to prevent several plants and animal species from going into extinction (Alcamo & Elena M. Bennett, 2003). This knowledge ought to

Crito Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Crito - Assignment Example Socrates says: â€Å"Tell me, then, whether you agree and assent to me first principle, that neither injury nor retaliation, nor warding off evil by evil is ever right.† Socrates says that doing unjust is never appropriate – even repaying for some abusive acts. Man has always act just; never can he do evil, even suffering does not permit to act evil and unjust. The major premise is that man ought never act unjustly. The second is that man has an obligation to abide by the judgments of the state and not to seek individual exceptions to the law. That is why Socrates decides to abide the state and not to escape to save himself. I support his perspective, as if everyone acted like that, the world would be much better. Objection. Regarding the first premise that states that man ought never act unjustly, people may oppose such statement as there are many unfair cases, in which, they believe, they can respond evil with another evil. Or a greater one. History traces many lines when power and violence decided the way the world developed; there are achievements built on blood and bones (for example, the Great Wall), deceptions solved the wars – yet they began them widely. Even some sacred Hindu texts say it is just to revenge. People often think being kind is not beneficial; somebody may use it for own profit. Being clever and strategic is more valued nowadays. It does not mean people are evil; just they observe always the possibility some other people may deceive or betray them. In case they face injustice and evil, they often think that it is appropriate and permitted to act accordingly – evil and unjust. They may believe such behaviors would put an end to misbehavior. But actually, usu ally such approach enhance evil and hatred and raise the gap that emphasizes the conflict between just and unjust, good and evil. Replay. I

The effect of money in elections

The effect of money in elections Historically, we have had a two party system with minor parties. In todays society Americas two party systems affects the elections and decision of voters as an American Political Landscape. Both parties progresses the ability to mark their political public services to individual voters based on computer models they established from historic patterns and large sample- sized polls that push approaches towards the issues and the candidates, called data mining. Theres either a view point with the Democratic Party on the Right of the table, and on the left of the table there is the Republican Party that has a totally different observation about the topic of discussion. These will be the only TWO options you can vote on or either vote for. The Democratic and Republican national parties and most state parties are moderate in their policies and leadership. In recent years both parties have strengthen the role of the national committee and enhanced the inference of individual committee members. Over time, although the citizens have the right to elect and vote, our Democracy party has combined between the direct democracy and representative democracy. Having a direct democracy is allowing the people to vote who should run as nominees in the office. In representative democracy this is allowing the people to elect those who govern to pass laws; also known as the, Republic. The rules to the political voting and elections game have changed and expanded to the citizens, these rules in America affects how it is to be played. Two words, Thriving Media, according to the text also in, Government by the People, (p. 212) is the surrounding function of our elections and voters in todays society. The media, in particular the print media, have been called the fourth estate and the fourth branch of government. Seventy percent of the public think that the media and internet sources are watch dogs, here to inform us about any such moves during an election. Everyone wants a say-so, and to point fingers at who to vote for the best candidate, of the two. Platforms are ambiguous by design, giving voters few obvious reasons to vote against the party. The American two part system has the effect of using both systems against one another, who knows if each nominee will practice what they preach, once being voted into the office. As read above yes we do have a two part system, but it seems like the two maybe combining together and causing our voters and elections to bring across confusion. There are many internet resources we could use (Watch- Dogs) but in what favor are those resources really? The political game is just that a game used to get that, Winner-Takes-All peaking point. The American two part system affects our elections and voter choices by perception. I even feel as if everyone is not getting to express themselves with exactly what they need from our government. Having a two part system does not let the United States explore enough or as many choices as having a muliti- system. Money,- Although the parties cannot exert tight control over candidates, their ability to raise and spend money has had a significant influence. This time in life money plays a major role on anything, so with the elections and votes it has full control over America. Studies have shown on the Google, website, that the Republican Party spends six times as much money on their campaigns than the Democrat party. Thanks to, Citizens vs. F.E.C. getting the law passed that as much money can be given or fundraised to a campaign in any amount. This allows all sorts of sponsors, interest groups, corporate fronts, and lobbyist to step their foot into the campaign world. Defend Democracy, this statement was used to fight the battle that Corporations should be given an equal opportunity as citizens of the United States of America. In other, words opening the door so that all candidates should be able to spend as much money as conceivable to their campaign. As declared in 1976 and 1978, America has money defined as, Soft Money- money raised in unlimited amounts by political parties for party-building purposes. Now largely illegal except for limited contributions to state or local parties for voter registration and get-out-the-vote efforts. also according to our text in Government by the People, (p. 197). America also has, Hard- Money- Political contributions given to a party, candidate, or interest group that are limited in amount and fully disclosed. Raising such limited funds is harder than raising unlimited funds, hence the term hard money. All national party committees combined raised more than $509 MILLION of soft money in the 1999- 2000 election cycles, up from 110 MILLION adjusted for inflation in 1991- 1992. Banning soft money became the primary objective of reformers and was one of the more important provisions in the BRCA. Soft money enabled large donors to be major players in campaign finance. In the 2008 election the Obama campaign used advertisements such as the Internet to coordinate, communicate, and recruit volunteers (interest groups). I could say that it does give a freedom of speech, but to whom, the nominee or the voters? Advertisement is used worldwide to persuade the people into buying the product. Political advertisement is very manipulation able. In this situation the product thats trying to be sold is the vote. The United States uses political advertisement as an enhancement to vote for whoever the best candidate seems to favor at that time in the public eye. There may be some proof that the media may influence our culture in America by a great deal. America has the television, the newspapers, Internet, and the radio for advertisement sources. The television gives us an image that print media such as the newspaper cannot. We get to experience and create a picture of what things are going on in the political world. Newspapers are still being read, as I still do read them but not necessarily for politics, I usually do watch the television to keep up with elections for visuals. Another stronger advertisement in politics and in anything today is the Internet. The drastic increase in usage of the web also can give visuals and a lot of information on the candidates up for running. The news media have changed dramatically throughout the course of U.S. history. By calling the publics attention to certain issues, the media help determine what topics will become subjects of public debate and legislation. In a way the advertisement of the elections is to throw out an attention grabber, then lower the audience in to pick them as a nominee. Advertisement is very persuasive in running elections. This subject can also put us back at the money being used for the elections. The more money a campaign has the more information and broadcasting they can attend to get to voters. Cool slogans catch the peoples interests, especially a younger crowd that rarely pays close thoughtfulness to anything in politics. There are a lot of commercials and post boards blinding us about different candidates proposal. No one would ever get to see the competitors argument if they could not raise enough money to broadcast as much. According to different internet anonymous sources all over the internet, theres an impression that corporation helping maintain certain nominees up for the office stand to be pretty scandalous. On that note I leave this paper with the finding of huge information and knowledge I didnt know or had even considered with my own government. Happening in the United States of America, is the American two- party system, money issues, and advertisement usage and the effects on elections and the voter system today.

Reflective Research Paper -- Essays Papers

Reflective Research Paper I have connected the reflective research paper to objective # 1 because it made me examine my personal belief and attitude on gender equity issues. I did not realize that gender equity existed at the level that it does until researching the topic. Doing the research made me realize that the way we teach directly affects how children learn in every aspect. Gender inequities in the fields of math and science are well researched and the results are shocking. Women compromise 45% of the work force, they hold jobs concentrated in clerical, service, and professional fields such as teaching and nursing, rather than in mathematics, science, or engineering (Levin & Matthews, 1997). Gender inequities start in school due to teacher interaction, language, role models, gender expectations, and the method in which the curriculum will be taught. Learning about gender-equity issues simply by reading or hearing about them is not the same as seeing, thinking about, and reflecting on examples of them. In a 1997 article, Levin and Matthews explain that teachers and teacher educators need to be made aware of gender-equity issues in the classroom so they can encourage both boys and girls to take an interest in math, and science. Levin claims that teacher education programs have inadequately prepared teacher to address gender-equity issues. I think that it is easy to overlook the gender bias in your classroom. I think that self-assessment is necessary in determining treatment of all members of the classroom. Teachers should distinguish between strategies which favor or oppose certain groups, and should influence policy makers to provide equal opportunities for learning (Underhill, 1994). Interaction be... ... the professional fields of science, and mathematics. Works Cited Reys, R., Lindquist, M., Lambdin, D., Smith, N., & Suydam, M. (2001). Helping children learn mathematics. New York, NY: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Levin, B., & Matthews, C. (1997). Using hypermedia to educate preservice teachers about gender-equity issues in elementary school classrooms. Journal of Research on Computing in Education, 29, 226-238. Baker, D. (1996). A female friendly science classroom. Research Matters to the Science Teacher. 9602. Pollard, D. (1996). Perspectives on gender and race. Educational Leadership, 53, 72-75. Kahle, J., & Damnjanovic, A. (1997). How research helps address gender equity. Research Matters to the Science Teacher. 9703. Underhill, R. (1994). Equity issues in math and science learning. School Science and Mathematics, 94, 281. Reflective Research Paper -- Essays Papers Reflective Research Paper I have connected the reflective research paper to objective # 1 because it made me examine my personal belief and attitude on gender equity issues. I did not realize that gender equity existed at the level that it does until researching the topic. Doing the research made me realize that the way we teach directly affects how children learn in every aspect. Gender inequities in the fields of math and science are well researched and the results are shocking. Women compromise 45% of the work force, they hold jobs concentrated in clerical, service, and professional fields such as teaching and nursing, rather than in mathematics, science, or engineering (Levin & Matthews, 1997). Gender inequities start in school due to teacher interaction, language, role models, gender expectations, and the method in which the curriculum will be taught. Learning about gender-equity issues simply by reading or hearing about them is not the same as seeing, thinking about, and reflecting on examples of them. In a 1997 article, Levin and Matthews explain that teachers and teacher educators need to be made aware of gender-equity issues in the classroom so they can encourage both boys and girls to take an interest in math, and science. Levin claims that teacher education programs have inadequately prepared teacher to address gender-equity issues. I think that it is easy to overlook the gender bias in your classroom. I think that self-assessment is necessary in determining treatment of all members of the classroom. Teachers should distinguish between strategies which favor or oppose certain groups, and should influence policy makers to provide equal opportunities for learning (Underhill, 1994). Interaction be... ... the professional fields of science, and mathematics. Works Cited Reys, R., Lindquist, M., Lambdin, D., Smith, N., & Suydam, M. (2001). Helping children learn mathematics. New York, NY: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Levin, B., & Matthews, C. (1997). Using hypermedia to educate preservice teachers about gender-equity issues in elementary school classrooms. Journal of Research on Computing in Education, 29, 226-238. Baker, D. (1996). A female friendly science classroom. Research Matters to the Science Teacher. 9602. Pollard, D. (1996). Perspectives on gender and race. Educational Leadership, 53, 72-75. Kahle, J., & Damnjanovic, A. (1997). How research helps address gender equity. Research Matters to the Science Teacher. 9703. Underhill, R. (1994). Equity issues in math and science learning. School Science and Mathematics, 94, 281.

Exploration Proposal Pop Art

Exploration ProposalI hope to explore the images of comic strips consumerism and symbolism in pop art that have been influenced in our everyday lives and how the mass media, advertising and popular culture are portrayed through pop art. One of the greatest iconic pop culture artists Andy Warhol suggests â€Å"I like boring things† this is a broad indication of a part of how pop culture is based on. It exposes how objects in everyday life can be right in front of us and we as people don’t think twice about what we are using. For example, Andy Warhol creates a wooden sculpture and painting based on the simplicity of ‘Campbell’s tomato soup’ an item he had been consuming for over 20 years frequently. I began to see interest in the field of pop art when I was at a younger age I was surrounded by it due to the mass media, constant advertisement imagery and basically elements of consumerism which created connection between the people.I was inspired to con tinue this art form as it drives my passion; it stems my love for consumerism. People can appreciate everyday objects and bright colours the same way as it derives me. I aim to experiment with a range of materials and techniques throughout my exploration in pop art. Digital photography was by far the most loved personally in my pervious Unit 1 carried in Studio Arts. It is an art media that I can place my skills to use and excel at. A digital single-lens reflex camera was the tool used to photograph objects and the photographs were further transferred into an editorial suite (Adobe Photoshop) and were manipulated to create a completely new picture. This technique can further be perused in creating pop art as there are a vast amount of filters found in editorial suites alongside blending pictures, masking, colour and picture correcting and abstracting of photos.Silver gelatin photography is another photographic process, however required more manual work. Strategies are used to create the desired pictures required such as amount of light exposure and how long chemicals should be run through. Pop art collages could be perfectly executed with this medium. Acrylic paint and water colour were two materials I continued to suffer with. However, I am looking to immensely improve and adapt them so I can incorporate the two materials into my pop art collaborative pieces. One thing I picked up from in Unit 1 was that it’s best to think creatively outside the box, extending ideas that come to mind to create a whole new level.Andy Warhol 100 CANS, 1962 Oil on canvas 72 x 52 inches (182.9 x 132.1 cm)The Campbell’s Soup Cans painting carries historical significance and represents what was happening in America during the 1960s. America had become an industrial culture in which products, machinery, and food were being mass-produced, and it seemed that everything was a commodity. Andy Warhol wanted to acknowledge this phenomenon in his art. He wanted us not to focu s on the composition of his work, but rather the idea behind it. The idea here is that the mundane, like a can of soup, matters. In addition, the use of repetitive imagery and mechanical processes creates an illusion that art can be mass produced and consumed by everyone. Warhol used the same shapes, dull colours and lines to create his image. The pattern that was created has a rhythm, but also repetition because each of the elements is repeated over and over in a recognisable organisation. I can potentially transfer these art elements and principles into making my own artwork that serves consumerism with my own product.Roy Lichtenstein Hopeless, 1963 Oil on Canvas Dimensions 118cm by 111.8cmRoy Lichtenstein’s comic images of girls with speech balloons was a major trend in the 1960s It contains vibrant colours with bold and wavy lines to add emotion to the scene. I would like to potentially use vibrant colours in collaboration with acrylic paint to express emotions in my own art pieces or create subliminal messages that entail emotion to the viewers. Colours and emotions can be used in different parts of the background to present mixed feelings or different views in the image.Richard Hamilton 1956, Just what is it that makes today’s homes so different, so appealing Collage Dimensions: 26cm by 24.8cmJust what is it that makes today’s homes so different, so appealing? Literally elevates kitsch to high art, as symbolized by the framed comic book cover against the wall. The body builder on the left and naked woman on the right symbolise the commodification of the human form into just another business transaction—something to be marketed to relentlessly, idealised in the name of selling deodorant and toothpaste. All of these things in the collage are placed in the artwork composition for a reason ‘nothing was an accident’. Each object was thoughtfully placed to symbolise and have a meaning. I can use this same methodology in my own work by adding many digital/silver gelatin photos and other mixed media in creating collages to build me own theme and representations in advertising or symbolism.

Critically evaluate the role of performance Essays

Critically evaluate the role of performance Essays Critically evaluate the role of performance Essay Critically evaluate the role of performance Essay This essay critically evaluates the function of public presentation profiling ( as outlined by Butler and Hardy, 1996 ) in the procedure of public presentation analysis. The essay begins with a reappraisal of public presentation profiling as outlined by Butler and Hardy ( 1996 ) , depicting how a public presentation profile is created and how this can be utilized as a tool to ease betterments in preparation and accomplishment, and so moves on to discourse the assorted pros and cons of public presentation profiling, supplying a critical rating of its function in public presentation analysis. Butler and Hardy ( 1992 ) illustrated the importance of detecting the athlete’s position of their ain thoughts of ego and public presentation, based on the personal concept theory of Kelly ( 1955 ) and Bannister and Fransella ( 1986 ) , with public presentation profiles developed for jocks based on the personal buildings of the jock. The chief purpose of public presentation profiling is to help managers and psychologists in placing countries of psychological strengths and failings, in add-on to any disagreements that may be between the perceptual experiences of the coach/psychologist and the jock with respects to the jocks public presentation ( Hays, 1998 ; p. 119 ) . Performance profiles are by and large developed for the jock by first spoting what qualities the athlete perceives to be basically of import for an elect public presentation, and so inquiring the jock to rate themselves along these concepts ( Hays, 1998 ) . The athlete’s coach/psychologist repeats the same process and the profiles that consequence are compared in order to place countries of disagreement and countries that need work, these so organizing the footing of a recommended preparation plan based on the techniques that are most likely to work given the state of affairs. The entreaty of public presentation profiling prevarications in the fact that it is an analytical procedure that involves the jock, instead than being purely coach-centered, with the advantage that this direct engagement can be actuating and educational and can ease and better communicating between the jock and the manager, bettering the overall quality of the coach-athlete relationship. Performance profiling can besides be used as a monitoring tool, by comparing profiles pre- and post-intervention in order to measure the impact of the intercession on public presentation. Changes to the intercessions can be made harmonizing to the consequences of the comparing of the two public presentation profiles, supplying a method offering an chance for continual betterment of public presentation. Hodges and Franks ( 2002 ) expression at how public presentation profiling can be used as an analytical tool by managers, in footings of patterning training pattern as a balance between direction and presentation, with pre-practice information being found to be highly of import in the procedure of skill acquisition, within the context of single scholars, harmonizing to how good the single scholar can understand instructions and so execute the coveted motion ( Hodges and Franks, 2002 ) . Performance profiling can therefore move as a valuable analytical tool, non merely for the jocks public presentation but in footings of finding which attack should be taken in footings of coaching ( Hardyet al. ,1996 ) . Performance profiling is, nevertheless, merely one attack that can be used to heighten jocks public presentation, with temper province profiling being another attack which can, for illustration, aid to cut down the negative impact of factors such as anxiousness on an athlete’s public presentation ( Terry, 1995 ) . Performance profiling is non, nevertheless, an wholly riskless or immaculate procedure, as rawness of the procedure amongst jocks can take to ‘false’ tonss being registered at the clip of roll uping the profile, either through jocks hiting themselves excessively low to avoid letdown, or hiting themselves excessively high to protect their self-image, for illustration. This can take to disagreements in the tonss of the jock and the manager, taking to jobs in the execution of the public presentation profiling procedure, in footings of utilizing the procedure as a diagnostic tool for bettering preparation and public presentation. The whole procedure of public presentation profiling relies wholly on honestness: of the jock with themselves and of the relationship between the manager and the jock. The procedure will merely non work, optimally, as a tool for public presentation analysis if the jock is non honorable with themselves and the manager is non honorable with the jock, and frailty versa, with respects to how they feel about their current position, their ends and the effects of their preparation government. As Hughes and Bartlett ( 2002 ) argue, public presentation indexs can be applied to many different athleticss by utilizing different structural definitions of games and by sub-categorising different athleticss by their regulations of hiting and stoping, leting for different measurings to be defined and used as diagnostic tools ( Hughes and Franks, 2004 ) . Their decision was that in order to enable a full and nonsubjective reading of the information from the public presentation analysis, comparings of informations are critical, with the recommendation that standardizations of public presentation indexs should besides be used more widely in concurrence with other signifiers of informations analysis in order to supply chances for public presentation enrichment in a scope of athleticss ( Hughes and Bartlett, 2002 ; ( Hughes and Franks, 2004 ) . For illustration, as Lees ( 2002 ) suggests, the incorporation of biomechanical measurings in public presentation analysis can supply valuable p enetrations in footings of technique analysis, potentially leting the effectivity of different techniques to be tested with respects to an athlete’s overall public presentation. In footings of the function of public presentation profiling in the procedure of public presentation analysis, as Liebermannet Al.( 2002 ) suggest, progresss in information engineering have meant that the feedback from public presentation profiling can take a figure of signifiers, including ocular, audio and proprioception ( Fix, 2002 ) , with each engineering supplying the chance for the appraisal of a different facet of public presentation, the overall appraisal of which could supply chances for optimising accomplishments acquisition ( Liebermannet al. ,2002 ) . As has been discussed, nevertheless, public presentation profiling will merely work if all concerned approach the procedure in an honest, unfastened, mode. In drumhead, public presentation profiling provides a potentially valuable analytical tool for finding an athlete’s current position and for analysing the effects of developing on an jock, amongst many other chances. The potency of the tool is, nevertheless, limited by the degree of apprehension of the tool by its users and by the degree of honestness with which the tool – and its recommendations are approached. Mentions Bannister, D. and Fransella, F. ( 1986 ) . Asking adult male: the psychological science of personal concepts.Croom Helm,London. Butler, R.J. ( 1996 ) .Performance profiling.National Coaching Foundation. Butler, R.J. and Hardy, L. ( 1992 ) . The public presentation profile: theory and application.The Sport Psychologist6 ( 3 ) , pp. 253-264. Fix, J.D. ( 2002 ) .Neuroanatomy.Hagerstwon: Lippincott, Williams and Wilkins. Hardy, L.et Al.( 1996 ) .Understanding psychological readying for athletics: theory and pattern of elect performing artists.Wiley, Chichester. Hays, K.F. ( 1998 ) .Integrating exercising, athletics, motion and head: curative integrity.The Haworth Press. Hodges, N.J. and Franks, I.M. ( 2002 ) . Modeling training pattern: the function of direction and presentation.Journal of Sports Sciences20 ( 10 ) , pp. 793-811. Hughes, M.D. and Bartlett, R.M. ( 2002 ) The usage of public presentation indexs in public presentation profiling.Journal of Sports Sciences20 ( 10 ) , pp. 739-754. Hughes, M.D. and Franks, I. M. ( 2004 ) .Notational Analysis of Sport.2nd edition. London: Routledge. Leess, A. ( 2002 ) . Technique analysis in athleticss: a critical reappraisal.Journal of Sports Sciences20 ( 10 ) , pp. 813-828. Liebermann, D.G.et Al.( 2002 ) . Progresss in the application of information engineering to feature public presentation.Journal of Sports Sciences20 ( 10 ) , pp. 755-769. Terry, P. ( 1995 ) . The efficaciousness of temper province profiling with elect performing artists: a reappraisal synthesis.The Sports Psychologist9, pp. 309-324.

Coach Carter Morality essays

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They are practices which should be routinely adopted, at all times with every individual, on every occasion, regardless of whether or not that person is known to have an infection. 1. 2 INFECTION CONTROL GUIDANCE – cont. include: 1. 3 NOTIFICATION OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES A number of infectious diseases are statutorily notifiable under The Public Health (Control of Disease) Act 1984 and The Public Health (Infectious Diseases) Regulations 1988. There are three main reasons for such notification. So that control measures can be taken To monitor preventative programmes For surveillance of infectious diseases in order to monitor levels of infectious diseases and to detect outbreaks so that effective control measures can be taken. 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Notifiable Diseases Acute encephalitis Paratyphoid(T) Acute poliomyelitisPlague(T) AnthraxRabies(T) Cholera(T)Relapsing Fever(T) Diphtheria(T)Rubella Dysentry(T)Scarlet Fever Food poisoning orSmall Pox suspected food poisoning LeprosyTetanus LeptospirosisTuberculosis MalariaTyphoid fever(T) MeaslesTyphus fever(T) Meningitis * (T)Viral haemorrhagic fever(T) Meningococcal septicaemia(T)Viral hepatitis ** (without meningitis) MumpsWhooping cough Opthalmia neonatorumYellow fever * meningococcal, pneumococcal, haemophilus influenzae, viral, other specified, unspecified ** Hepatitis A, Hepatitis B Hepatitis C, other (T)Please notify the Consultant in Communicable Disease Control or person on call for the Health Protection Agency by telephone. Other specific diseases are designated by the Reporting of Injuries, Diseases and Dangerous Occurrences Regulations 1995 as â€Å"Reportable Occupational Diseases† e. g. Legionellosis. Please contact the Health Safety Team for further information (see section 5 for details). 1. 3 NOTIFICATION OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES – cont. Notification of suspected outbreaks An outbreak is defined as two or more cases of a condition related in time and location with suspicion of transmission. Prompt investigation of an outbreak and introduction of control measures depends upon early communication. Suspicion of any association between cases should prompt contact with the Health Protection Agency. 1. 4 IMMUNISATION COSHH requires that if a risk assessment shows there to be a risk of exposure to biological agents for which vaccines exist, then these should be offered if the employee is not already immune. In practice, with Social Care Services, this generally amounts to care staff within the Mental Health and Learning Disabilities Services being offered Hepatitis B vaccination. Care home managers, after assessing risks, may also offer ‘flu vaccination to staff and individual cases may indicate the need for immunisation in certain circumstances. The pros and cons of immunisation/non-immunisation should be explained when making the offer of immunisation. The Health Safety at Work Act 1974 requires that employees are not charged for protective measures such as immunisation. A few GPs will make vaccinations available free to Social Care workers but they are not obliged to do so and can charge at their discretion. Departmental funding for the provision of vaccine, through Occupational Health, is restricted and so it is vital that only those to whom it is essential to provide immunisation are offered this service. The majority of staff will have received immunisation from childhood and have received the appropriate booster doses e. g. Tetanus, Rubella, Measles and Polio. However, it is important for the immunisation state of staff to be checked e. g. women of childbearing age should be protected against Rubella. Good practice and common sense should indicate that the immunisation state of staff is checked and appropriate action taken. If there is a potential risk of infection, change of work rotas or areas of responsibility can sometimes avoid the risk of contamination. Vaccination is not always the only course of action and in some cases staff may not agree to be vaccinated. 1. 4. 1 IMMUNISATION SCHEDULE Vaccine Age Notes D/T/P and Hib Polio 1st dose at 2 months 2nd dose at 3 months 3rd dose at 4 months Primary Course Measles / Mumps / Rubella (MMR) 12 – 15 months Can be given at any age over 12 months Booster DT and Polio, MMR second dose 3 – 5 years Three years after completion of primary course BCG 10 – 14 years or infancy Only offered to certain high risk groups after an initial risk assessment Booster Tetanus, Diphtheria and Polio 13 – 18 years Children should therefore have received the following vaccines: By 6 months:3 doses of DTP, Hib and Polio By 15 months:Measles / Mumps / Rubella By school entry:4th DT and Polio; second dose of Measles / Mumps / Rubella Between 10 14 years:BCG (certain high risk groups only) Before leaving school:5th Polio and Tetanus Diphtheria (Td) Adults should receive the following vaccines: Women sero-negative Rubella For Rubella: Previously un-immunisedPolio, Tetanus, Diphtheria Individuals: Individuals in high Hepatitis B, Hepatitis A, Influenza risk groups:Pneumonococcal vaccine 1. 5 EXCLUSION FROM WORK The following table gives advice on the minimum period of exclusions from work for staff members suffering from infectious disease (cases) or in contact with a case of infection in their own homes (home contacts). Advice on work exclusions can be sought from CCDC (Consultant in Communicable Disease Control) / HPN (Health Protection Nurse) / CICN (Community Infection Control Nurse) / EHO (Environmental Health Officer) or GP (General Practitioner) Minimum exclusion period Disease Period of Infectivity Case Home contact Chickenpox Infectious for 1-2 days before the onset of symptoms and 6 days after rash appears or until lesions are crusted (if longer) 6 days from onset of rash None. Non-immune pregnant women should seek medical advice Conjunctivitis Until 48 hours after treatment Until discharge stops None Erythema infectiosum (slapped cheek syndrome) 4 days before and until 4 days after the onset of the rash Until clinically well None. Pregnant women should seek medical advice Gastroenteritis (including salmonellosis and shigellosis) As long as organism is present in stools, but mainly while diarrhoea lasts Until clinically well and 48 hours without diarrhoea or vomiting. CCDC or EHO may advise a longer period of exclusion CCDC or EHO will advise on local policy Glandular fever When symptomatic Until clinically well None Giardia lamblia While diarrhoea is present Until 48 hours after first normal stool None Hand, foot and mouth disease As long as active ulcers are present 1 week or until open lesions are healed None Hepatitis A The incubation period is 15-50 days, average 28-30 days. Maximum infectivity occurs during the latter half of the incubation period and continues until 7 days after jaundice appears 1 week after onset of jaundice None – immunisation may be advised (through GP) HIV/AIDS For life None None 1. 5 EXCLUSION FROM WORK – cont. Minimum exclusion period Disease Period of infectivity Case Home contact Measles Up to 4 days before and until 4 days after the rash appears 4 days from the onset of the rash None Meningitis Varies with organism Until clinical recovery None Mumps Greatest infectivity from 2 days before the onset of symptoms to 4 days after symptoms appear 4 days from the onset of the rash None Rubella (German measles) 1 week before and until 5 days after the onset of the rash 4 days from the onset of the rash None Streptococcal sore throat and Scarlet fever As long as the organism is present in the throat, usually up to 48 hours after antibiotic is started Until clinically improved (usually 48 hours after antibiotic is started) None Shingles Until after the last of the lesions are dry Until all lesions are dry – minimum 6 days from the onset of the rash None Tuberculosis Depends on part infected. Patients with open TB usually become non-infectious after 2 weeks of treatment In the case of open TB, until cleared by TB clinic. No exclusion necessary in other situations Will require medical follow-up Threadworm As long as eggs present on perianal skin None but requires treatment Treatment is necessary Typhoid fever As long as case harbours the organism Seek advice from CCDC Seek advice from CCDC Whooping cough 1 week before and until 3 weeks after onset of cough (or 5 days after the start of antibiotic treatment) Until clinically well, but check with CCDC None 1. 5 EXCLUSION FROM WORK – cont. SKIN CONDITIONS Minimum exclusion period Disease Period of infectivity Case Home contact Impetigo As long as purulent lesions are present Until skin has healed or 48 hours after treatment started None. Avoid sharing towels Head lice As long as lice or live eggs are present Exclude until treated Exclude until treated Ringworm 1. Tinea capitis (head) 2. Tinea corporis (body) 3. Tinea pedis (athlete’s foot) As long as active lesions are present As long as active lesions are present As long as active lesions are present Exclusion not always necessary until an epidemic is suspected None None None None None Scabies Until mites and eggs have been destroyed Until day after treatment is given None (GP should treat family) Verrucae (plantar warts) As long as wart is present None (warts should be covered with waterproof dressing for swimming and barefoot activities) None